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That’s a good question but I’m not sure I have a good answer for you. Definitely Schopenhauer believed that humans are determined by external forces, but his seeing the world as illusion would seem to go against Aristotelian causes.

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Douglas Giles, PhD
Douglas Giles, PhD

Written by Douglas Giles, PhD

Philosopher by trade & temperament, professor for 21 years, bringing philosophy out of its ivory tower and into everyday life. https://dgilesauthor.com/

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