Yes, Husserl's concept of sedimentation is similar to the psychological concept of conditioning. The main difference, as I see it, is that sedimentation is altering consciousness, which conditioning doesn't necessary imply. This is important because, like you say, we look at ourselves with our sedimentation, so we don't have a clear view of ourselves and what we are doing in our mind.

Husserl does offer a solution, though many argue that it's a weak one. His solution is the ongoing phenomenological process of seeking to be clearer about the processes within our consciousness, and that would include becoming increasingly aware of our sedimentations and how they effect us. Some people don't like such a long and inexact solution, but I think there is not better way given how complex experience and consciousness is.